Friday, September 26, 2003
Tuesday, August 19, 2003
To hide the computer, use NET CONFIG SERVER /HIDDEN:YES.
To bring it back again, NET CONFIG SERVER /HIDDEN:NO.
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To bring it back again, NET CONFIG SERVER /HIDDEN:NO.
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Monday, August 04, 2003
Which of the following memory types is used to hold the router IOS image?
A) ROM
B) Flash
C) RAM
D) NVRAM
To check the answer use the link below
http://www.examnotes.net/?action=checkanswer&quest=554f3dbe7e76&test=a640505
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A) ROM
B) Flash
C) RAM
D) NVRAM
To check the answer use the link below
http://www.examnotes.net/?action=checkanswer&quest=554f3dbe7e76&test=a640505
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Monday, July 28, 2003
Chapter 5:
In this chapter, you will learn how to start a router for the first time by using the correct commands and startup sequence to do an initial configuration of a router.
It executes diagnostics from ROM on all hardware modules to verify the basic operation of the CPU, memory, and network interface ports.
After verifying the hardware functions, the router proceeds with software initialization.
It loads the bootstrap, the operating system, and a configuration file.
If the router cannot find a configuration file, then it enters setup mode.
If you save the new configuration from setup mode, the router stores a backup copy in NVRAM.
Summary:
To start, the Cisco IOS software startup routines - the POST:
1. Make sure that the router starts with all its hardware.
2. Find and load the Cisco IOS software.
3. Find and apply the configuration
Step 1 -- load the bootstrap from the ROM on the CPU card.
A bootstrap is a simple series of instructions to load more elaborate routines into RAM to run the router's configuration and implementation.
Step 2 -- find the operating system (Cisco IOS) in flash, TFTP server or ROM.
The location of the Cisco IOS is determined by the boot field of the configuration register.
Step 3 -- load the operating system image.
Then the operating system locates the hardware and software components and lists the results on the console terminal.
Step 4 -- load the configuration file from NVRAM, or a TFTP server into main memory and executed one line at a time.
These configuration commands start routing processes, supply addresses for interfaces, set media characteristics, and start other services.
Step 5 --load the setup mode (also called The System Configuration Dialog or The Initial Configuration Dialog) if no valid configuration file exists in NVRAM or a TFTP server.
Setup is not intended as the mode for entering complex protocol features in the router. You should use setup to bring up a minimal configuration. Then, use various configuration-mode commands for most router configuration tasks.
show running-config -- displays active configuration files
erase startup-config -- deletes the backup configuration file in NVRAM.
reload -- reloads the router, causing it to run through the entire startup process.
setup -- enter setup mode from the privileged EXEC prompt.
Default answers appear in square brackets [ ] following the question. Press the Return/Enter key to use these defaults.
If the system has been previously configured, the currently configured values is the defaults. If you are configuring the system for the first time, the factory defaults will be provided.
If there is no factory default, as in the case of passwords, nothing is displayed after the question mark.
To exit the setup mode without completing the process, press Ctrl+c. Once setup is terminated, all interfaces will be administratively shutdown to prevent false data on the networks until the configuration is complete.
Next setting up the various passwords used on the router. You must enter an enable password. Cisco proprietary encryption processes the password characters at "Enter enable secret" prompt. This enhances the security of the password string. Whenever anyone lists the contents of the router configuration file, this enable password appears as a meaningless string of characters.
It recommends that the "enable password" be different from the "enable secret word". The "enable password" is used when no "enable secret word" exists. It is also used when using older versions of the IOS.
All passwords are case sensitive and can be alphanumeric.
Next entering the routing protocols. Whenever yes is answered in response to a prompt, additional questions may appear regarding the protocol.
Then setting up interface parameters with the predetermined configuration values and enter the interface parameters at the prompts.
When you complete the configuration process in setup mode, the screen will display the configuration that you have just created.
Three options are available to close setup mode:
Option 0 returns to the privileged EXEC mode prompt without saving the initial configuration file
Option 1 returns to the beginning of the setup mode without saving the initial configuraiton file
Option 2 saves the initial configuration file to NVRAM.
If option 2 is chosen, the system will be ready to use. If you want to modify the configuration you have just established, you must do the configuration manually.
Enter setup now will display the current router and interface configuration. The setup command does not support many of the advanced features of the router, or features that require a more complex configuration.
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In this chapter, you will learn how to start a router for the first time by using the correct commands and startup sequence to do an initial configuration of a router.
Router startup routine
When a Cisco router powers up, it performs a power-on self-test (POST).It executes diagnostics from ROM on all hardware modules to verify the basic operation of the CPU, memory, and network interface ports.
After verifying the hardware functions, the router proceeds with software initialization.
It loads the bootstrap, the operating system, and a configuration file.
If the router cannot find a configuration file, then it enters setup mode.
If you save the new configuration from setup mode, the router stores a backup copy in NVRAM.
Summary:
To start, the Cisco IOS software startup routines - the POST:
1. Make sure that the router starts with all its hardware.
2. Find and load the Cisco IOS software.
3. Find and apply the configuration
Router startup sequence
After the POST, the router:Step 1 -- load the bootstrap from the ROM on the CPU card.
A bootstrap is a simple series of instructions to load more elaborate routines into RAM to run the router's configuration and implementation.
Step 2 -- find the operating system (Cisco IOS) in flash, TFTP server or ROM.
The location of the Cisco IOS is determined by the boot field of the configuration register.
Step 3 -- load the operating system image.
Then the operating system locates the hardware and software components and lists the results on the console terminal.
Step 4 -- load the configuration file from NVRAM, or a TFTP server into main memory and executed one line at a time.
These configuration commands start routing processes, supply addresses for interfaces, set media characteristics, and start other services.
Step 5 --load the setup mode (also called The System Configuration Dialog or The Initial Configuration Dialog) if no valid configuration file exists in NVRAM or a TFTP server.
Setup is not intended as the mode for entering complex protocol features in the router. You should use setup to bring up a minimal configuration. Then, use various configuration-mode commands for most router configuration tasks.
Commands related to router startup
show startup-config -- displays the backup configuration filesshow running-config -- displays active configuration files
erase startup-config -- deletes the backup configuration file in NVRAM.
reload -- reloads the router, causing it to run through the entire startup process.
setup -- enter setup mode from the privileged EXEC prompt.
Using the setup command
The setup mode brings up quickly a minimal configuration for any router that cannot find its configuration.Default answers appear in square brackets [ ] following the question. Press the Return/Enter key to use these defaults.
If the system has been previously configured, the currently configured values is the defaults. If you are configuring the system for the first time, the factory defaults will be provided.
If there is no factory default, as in the case of passwords, nothing is displayed after the question mark.
To exit the setup mode without completing the process, press Ctrl+c. Once setup is terminated, all interfaces will be administratively shutdown to prevent false data on the networks until the configuration is complete.
Setting up global parameters
The first global parameter allows you to set the router host name.Next setting up the various passwords used on the router. You must enter an enable password. Cisco proprietary encryption processes the password characters at "Enter enable secret" prompt. This enhances the security of the password string. Whenever anyone lists the contents of the router configuration file, this enable password appears as a meaningless string of characters.
It recommends that the "enable password" be different from the "enable secret word". The "enable password" is used when no "enable secret word" exists. It is also used when using older versions of the IOS.
All passwords are case sensitive and can be alphanumeric.
Next entering the routing protocols. Whenever yes is answered in response to a prompt, additional questions may appear regarding the protocol.
Then setting up interface parameters with the predetermined configuration values and enter the interface parameters at the prompts.
When you complete the configuration process in setup mode, the screen will display the configuration that you have just created.
Three options are available to close setup mode:
Option 0 returns to the privileged EXEC mode prompt without saving the initial configuration file
Option 1 returns to the beginning of the setup mode without saving the initial configuraiton file
Option 2 saves the initial configuration file to NVRAM.
If option 2 is chosen, the system will be ready to use. If you want to modify the configuration you have just established, you must do the configuration manually.
Enter setup now will display the current router and interface configuration. The setup command does not support many of the advanced features of the router, or features that require a more complex configuration.
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Monday, July 21, 2003
Turn on the tests on thursday
Welton: chapter 1, 2 & 3
Joyce: chapter 1
Pete: chapter 2 & 3
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Welton: chapter 1, 2 & 3
Joyce: chapter 1
Pete: chapter 2 & 3
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Sunday, July 20, 2003
Terms to look up:
. ARP: Address Resolution Protocol
The router is made up of configurable components and has modes for examining, maintaining, and changing the components.
You can configure a router from many external locations:
. From the console terminal (a computer connected to the router through a console port) during its installation
. Via modem by using the auxiliary port
. From Virtual Terminals 0-4, after it has been installed on the network
. From a TFTP server on the network
Interfaces are network connections on the motherboard or on separate interface modules, through which packets enter and exit a router. When configuring the router you must go through one of these interfaces (console, auxiliary, Ethernet, and serial interfaces).
Internal router configuration components are as follows:
. RAM/DRAM -- stores routing tables, ARP cache, fast-switching cache, packet buffering (shared RAM); provides memory for a router's configuration file while the router is powered;
. NVRAM -- non-volatile RAM stores the router's backup/startup configuration file; NVRAM content is retained during power down or restart
. Flash -- erasable, reprogrammable ROM that holds the operating system image and microcode; Flash memory enables software updates without removing and replacing processor chips; Flash content is retained during power down or restart; Flash memory can store multiple versions of IOS software
. ROM -- contains power-on diagnostics, a bootstrap program, and operating system software; software upgrades in ROM require removing and replacing chips on the router's motherboard
RAM is the working storage in the router
A router uses RAM to store an active configuration file and tables of network maps and routing address lists. You can display the configuration file on a remote or console terminal. A saved version of this file is stored in NVRAM. It is accessed and loaded into main memory each time a router initializes. The configuration file contains global, process, and interface information that directly affects the operation of a router and its interface ports.
Router Modes:
. User EXEC mode -- This is a look-only mode. Limited examination of router. Remote access. Prompt: Router>
. Privileged EXEC mode -- supports the debugging and testing commands, detailed examination of the router, manipulation of configuration files, and access to configuration modes. Prompt: Router#
. Setup mode -- presents an interactive prompted dialog at the console that helps the new user create a first-time basic configuration.
. Global configuration mode -- implements powerful one-line commands that perform simple configuration tasks. Prompt: Router (config)#
. Other configuration modes -- provide more detailed complex multiple-line configurations. Prompt: Router (config-mode)#
. RXBoot mode -- This is the maintenance mode that you can use to recover from a catastrophe like the operating system being accidentally erased from Flash or lost passwords.
Basic commands to determine the current status of a router:
RAM commands:
. show version
. show arp
. show processes
. show protocols
. show memory
. show stacks
. show buffers
. show running-config or show run - most important
. write term - no longer support in future version
Flash Command:
. show flash
NVRAM commands:
. show startup-config or show start - most important
. show config - no longer support in future version
Interface command:
. show interfaces
Gaining access to other routers by using Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) enables network administrators to access a summary of configurations of other directly-connected routers. CDP runs over a Data Link Layer that connects lower physical media and upper network layer protocols. A data link address is the same as a MAC address. When a Cisco device boots up, CDP starts up automatically, which then allows the device to detect neighboring Cisco devices that are also running CDP.
The primary use of CDP is to discover platforms and protocols on your neighboring devices. Use the show cdp neighbors command to display the CDP neighbor information stored on the local router.
CDP provides information about each CDP neighbor device. Values include the following:
. Device identifiers -- for example, the router's configured host name and domain name (if any)
. Address list -- at least one address for SNMP, up to one address for each supported protocol
. Port identifier -- for example, Ethernet 0, Ethernet 1, and Serial 0
. Capabilities list -- for example, if the device acts as a source route bridge as well as a router
. version -- information such as that provided by the local command show version
. Platform -- the device's hardware platform, e.g. Cisco 7000
Use the command show cdp interface to display the values of the CDP timers, the interface status, and the encapsulation used by CDP for its advertisement and discovery frame transmission.
CDP was designed and implemented as a very simple, low-overhead protocol. A CDP frame can be small yet retrieve a lot of useful information about neighboring routers. You use the command show cdp entry {device name} to display a single cached CDP entry. Notice that the output from this command includes all the Layer 3 addresses present in the neighbor router.
You use the command show cdp neighbors to display the CDP information cached on the local router. Notice that for each local port, the display shows the following:
Neighbor device ID
Local port type and number
Decremental hold-time value, in seconds
Neighbor device capability code
Neighbor hardware platform
Neighbor remote port type and number
To display information of show cdp neighbors as well as information like that from show cdp entry, you use the optional show cdp neighbors detail.
The most common problems that occur on IP networks result from errors in the addressing scheme. It is important to test your address configuration before continuing with further configuration steps. telnet, ping, traceroute, show ip route, show interfaces and debug are commands that allow you to test your network.
Testing the Application layer by using Telnet
Using Telnet to connect to a remote router is another way of evaluating its status. Telnet allows you to verify the application-layer software between source and destination stations. This is the most complete test mechanism available. A router can have up to five simultaneous incoming Telnet sessions.
the telnet command provides a virtual terminal so administrators can use Telnet operations to connect with other routers running TCP/IP.
If we can Telnet to one router but not to another router, it is likely that the Telnet failure is caused by specific addressing, naming, or access permission problems. These problems can exist on your router or on the router that failed as a Telnet target. The next step is to try ping. This command lets you test end-to-end at the Network layer.
Testing the Network layer using the ping command
Many network protocols support an echo protocol, to determine whether protocol packets are being routed. The ping command sends a packet to the destination host and then waits for a reply packet from that host. Results from this echo protocol can help evaluate the path-to-host reliability, delays over the path, and whether the host can be reached or is functioning.
The exclamation points "!" indicate each successful echo. If you receive one or more periods "." instead of exclamations on your display, the application on your router timed out waiting for a given packet echo from the ping target. You can use the ping user EXEC command to diagnose basic network connectivity. The ping uses the ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol).
Testing the network layer with the traceroute command
The traceroute or trace command is the ideal tool for finding where data is being sent in your network. The traceroute command is similar to the ping command, except that instead of testing end-to-end connectivity, traceroute tests each step along the way. This operation can be performed at either the user or privileged EXEC levels.
The traceroute command works by using the error message generated by the routers when a packet exceeds its time-to-live (TTL) value. Using the returned data from the traceroute command, you can determine where the data path breaks down. You will then know which router to check for the problem. This is called fault isolation and is one of the important steps in troubleshooting.
If one of these routers had been unreachable, you would have seen three asterisks (*) instead of the name of the router. The traceroute command terminates when the destination responds, when the maximum TTL is exceeded, or when the user interrupts with the Ctrl-Shift-6 escape sequence.
Testing the network layer with the show ip route command
Use the show ip route command to determine whether a routing table entry exists for the target network. If a route to a network does not exist in the routing table, then the traceroute will not be able to send out the packet to even the next router. This can be misunderstood as a connectivity issue with neighboring routers. Connectivity is tested by pinging or tracing to the neighboring router.
Using the show interfaces serial command to test the physical and data link layers
One of the most important elements of the show interfaces serial command output is display of the line and data link protocol status.
The line status is triggered by a Carrier Detect signal, and refers to the physical layer status.
The line protocol, triggered by keepalive frames, refers to the data link framing.
If the line is down this indicates that the router is not sensing Carrier Detect. This is a physical layer issue indicating that it cannot detect the device to which it is supposed to be attached.
The line protocol being down (with line up) is a data link layer issue. This is an indication that the device on the other end of the circuit is being detected but they cannot communicate with keepalives or data packets. This is usually a configuration issue between the two routers such as wrong Layer 2 protocol or the absence of a clock rate.
Serial1 is up, line protocol is up : Operational
Serial1 is up, line protocol is down : Connection problem
Serial1 is down, line protocol is down : Interface problem
Serial1 is administratively down, line protocol is down : Disabled
The show interfaces and clear counters commands
The router tracks statistics that provide information about the interface. You use the show interfaces command to display the statistics. The statistics reflect router operation since the last time the counters were cleared. Use the clear counters command to reset the counters to 0. By starting from 0, you get a better picture of the current status of the network.
The debug privileged EXEC command starts the console display of the network events specified in the command parameter. Use the terminal monitor command to forward debug output to your Telnet session terminal. Use the undebug all command (or no debug all) to turn debugging off when you no longer need it.
Substantial debugging on a busy network will slow down the router's operation significantly. Do not leave debugging turned on; use it to diagnose a problem, and then turn it off.
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. ARP: Address Resolution Protocol
The router is made up of configurable components and has modes for examining, maintaining, and changing the components.
You can configure a router from many external locations:
. From the console terminal (a computer connected to the router through a console port) during its installation
. Via modem by using the auxiliary port
. From Virtual Terminals 0-4, after it has been installed on the network
. From a TFTP server on the network
Interfaces are network connections on the motherboard or on separate interface modules, through which packets enter and exit a router. When configuring the router you must go through one of these interfaces (console, auxiliary, Ethernet, and serial interfaces).
Internal router configuration components are as follows:
. RAM/DRAM -- stores routing tables, ARP cache, fast-switching cache, packet buffering (shared RAM); provides memory for a router's configuration file while the router is powered;
. NVRAM -- non-volatile RAM stores the router's backup/startup configuration file; NVRAM content is retained during power down or restart
. Flash -- erasable, reprogrammable ROM that holds the operating system image and microcode; Flash memory enables software updates without removing and replacing processor chips; Flash content is retained during power down or restart; Flash memory can store multiple versions of IOS software
. ROM -- contains power-on diagnostics, a bootstrap program, and operating system software; software upgrades in ROM require removing and replacing chips on the router's motherboard
RAM is the working storage in the router
A router uses RAM to store an active configuration file and tables of network maps and routing address lists. You can display the configuration file on a remote or console terminal. A saved version of this file is stored in NVRAM. It is accessed and loaded into main memory each time a router initializes. The configuration file contains global, process, and interface information that directly affects the operation of a router and its interface ports.
Router Modes:
. User EXEC mode -- This is a look-only mode. Limited examination of router. Remote access. Prompt: Router>
. Privileged EXEC mode -- supports the debugging and testing commands, detailed examination of the router, manipulation of configuration files, and access to configuration modes. Prompt: Router#
. Setup mode -- presents an interactive prompted dialog at the console that helps the new user create a first-time basic configuration.
. Global configuration mode -- implements powerful one-line commands that perform simple configuration tasks. Prompt: Router (config)#
. Other configuration modes -- provide more detailed complex multiple-line configurations. Prompt: Router (config-mode)#
. RXBoot mode -- This is the maintenance mode that you can use to recover from a catastrophe like the operating system being accidentally erased from Flash or lost passwords.
Basic commands to determine the current status of a router:
RAM commands:
. show version
. show arp
. show processes
. show protocols
. show memory
. show stacks
. show buffers
. show running-config or show run - most important
. write term - no longer support in future version
Flash Command:
. show flash
NVRAM commands:
. show startup-config or show start - most important
. show config - no longer support in future version
Interface command:
. show interfaces
Gaining access to other routers by using Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) enables network administrators to access a summary of configurations of other directly-connected routers. CDP runs over a Data Link Layer that connects lower physical media and upper network layer protocols. A data link address is the same as a MAC address. When a Cisco device boots up, CDP starts up automatically, which then allows the device to detect neighboring Cisco devices that are also running CDP.
The primary use of CDP is to discover platforms and protocols on your neighboring devices. Use the show cdp neighbors command to display the CDP neighbor information stored on the local router.
CDP provides information about each CDP neighbor device. Values include the following:
. Device identifiers -- for example, the router's configured host name and domain name (if any)
. Address list -- at least one address for SNMP, up to one address for each supported protocol
. Port identifier -- for example, Ethernet 0, Ethernet 1, and Serial 0
. Capabilities list -- for example, if the device acts as a source route bridge as well as a router
. version -- information such as that provided by the local command show version
. Platform -- the device's hardware platform, e.g. Cisco 7000
Use the command show cdp interface to display the values of the CDP timers, the interface status, and the encapsulation used by CDP for its advertisement and discovery frame transmission.
CDP was designed and implemented as a very simple, low-overhead protocol. A CDP frame can be small yet retrieve a lot of useful information about neighboring routers. You use the command show cdp entry {device name} to display a single cached CDP entry. Notice that the output from this command includes all the Layer 3 addresses present in the neighbor router.
You use the command show cdp neighbors to display the CDP information cached on the local router. Notice that for each local port, the display shows the following:
Neighbor device ID
Local port type and number
Decremental hold-time value, in seconds
Neighbor device capability code
Neighbor hardware platform
Neighbor remote port type and number
To display information of show cdp neighbors as well as information like that from show cdp entry, you use the optional show cdp neighbors detail.
The most common problems that occur on IP networks result from errors in the addressing scheme. It is important to test your address configuration before continuing with further configuration steps. telnet, ping, traceroute, show ip route, show interfaces and debug are commands that allow you to test your network.
Testing the Application layer by using Telnet
Using Telnet to connect to a remote router is another way of evaluating its status. Telnet allows you to verify the application-layer software between source and destination stations. This is the most complete test mechanism available. A router can have up to five simultaneous incoming Telnet sessions.
the telnet command provides a virtual terminal so administrators can use Telnet operations to connect with other routers running TCP/IP.
If we can Telnet to one router but not to another router, it is likely that the Telnet failure is caused by specific addressing, naming, or access permission problems. These problems can exist on your router or on the router that failed as a Telnet target. The next step is to try ping. This command lets you test end-to-end at the Network layer.
Testing the Network layer using the ping command
Many network protocols support an echo protocol, to determine whether protocol packets are being routed. The ping command sends a packet to the destination host and then waits for a reply packet from that host. Results from this echo protocol can help evaluate the path-to-host reliability, delays over the path, and whether the host can be reached or is functioning.
The exclamation points "!" indicate each successful echo. If you receive one or more periods "." instead of exclamations on your display, the application on your router timed out waiting for a given packet echo from the ping target. You can use the ping user EXEC command to diagnose basic network connectivity. The ping uses the ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol).
Testing the network layer with the traceroute command
The traceroute or trace command is the ideal tool for finding where data is being sent in your network. The traceroute command is similar to the ping command, except that instead of testing end-to-end connectivity, traceroute tests each step along the way. This operation can be performed at either the user or privileged EXEC levels.
The traceroute command works by using the error message generated by the routers when a packet exceeds its time-to-live (TTL) value. Using the returned data from the traceroute command, you can determine where the data path breaks down. You will then know which router to check for the problem. This is called fault isolation and is one of the important steps in troubleshooting.
If one of these routers had been unreachable, you would have seen three asterisks (*) instead of the name of the router. The traceroute command terminates when the destination responds, when the maximum TTL is exceeded, or when the user interrupts with the Ctrl-Shift-6 escape sequence.
Testing the network layer with the show ip route command
Use the show ip route command to determine whether a routing table entry exists for the target network. If a route to a network does not exist in the routing table, then the traceroute will not be able to send out the packet to even the next router. This can be misunderstood as a connectivity issue with neighboring routers. Connectivity is tested by pinging or tracing to the neighboring router.
Using the show interfaces serial command to test the physical and data link layers
One of the most important elements of the show interfaces serial command output is display of the line and data link protocol status.
The line status is triggered by a Carrier Detect signal, and refers to the physical layer status.
The line protocol, triggered by keepalive frames, refers to the data link framing.
If the line is down this indicates that the router is not sensing Carrier Detect. This is a physical layer issue indicating that it cannot detect the device to which it is supposed to be attached.
The line protocol being down (with line up) is a data link layer issue. This is an indication that the device on the other end of the circuit is being detected but they cannot communicate with keepalives or data packets. This is usually a configuration issue between the two routers such as wrong Layer 2 protocol or the absence of a clock rate.
Serial1 is up, line protocol is up : Operational
Serial1 is up, line protocol is down : Connection problem
Serial1 is down, line protocol is down : Interface problem
Serial1 is administratively down, line protocol is down : Disabled
The show interfaces and clear counters commands
The router tracks statistics that provide information about the interface. You use the show interfaces command to display the statistics. The statistics reflect router operation since the last time the counters were cleared. Use the clear counters command to reset the counters to 0. By starting from 0, you get a better picture of the current status of the network.
The debug privileged EXEC command starts the console display of the network events specified in the command parameter. Use the terminal monitor command to forward debug output to your Telnet session terminal. Use the undebug all command (or no debug all) to turn debugging off when you no longer need it.
Substantial debugging on a busy network will slow down the router's operation significantly. Do not leave debugging turned on; use it to diagnose a problem, and then turn it off.
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Thursday, July 17, 2003
For Friday July 18
William chapter 1, 2, 3
Yolanda chapter 1, 2, 3
Renee chapter 1
Howard chapter 5,6
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William chapter 1, 2, 3
Yolanda chapter 1, 2, 3
Renee chapter 1
Howard chapter 5,6
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